Tortlieb largely firing the base enamels first and then adding the cloisonne wires, building up multiple layers of enamels up to the top of the wires, and then stoning in the final stages, which may require refiring, refining colors along the way, and delicately avoiding over-stoning the fine...
A coat of arms can be without charges but it can never be without colour!
Since the sixteenth century the graphic depiction of colours in engravings and monochromatic drawings is achieved by hatching.
HATCHINGS
white
red
blue
black
gold
purple
green
black...